Military training is training in the art and science of war. Military training today is much more sophisticated than it was in ancient times. Battles then involved relatively simple formations, weapons, and equipment. But modern military personnel must understand and be prepared to use mechanized equipment and intricate scientific instruments. They must also be prepared for fast-paced combat and complex modern war strategies.
During the initial phase of training, all military personnel learn how to obey orders, dress appropriately, function as a part of a team, and handle individual weapons. More advanced phases involve training in specific jobs, such as driving a tank, parachuting from an airplane, operating sonar equipment, or repairing a helicopter. After they have finished individual training, military personnel are assigned to a unit. A unit regularly conducts training exercises, often with other units, to develop and maintain the skills of military personnel.
Training schools.
In many countries, each branch of the military maintains its own system of schools or training stations for officers and enlisted personnel. In others, training for all military personnel begins at a common institution, but it is completed at separate institutions for the different branches. Each military branch may operate specialized schools for higher officer training. These schools may teach topics ranging from military strategy to the procurement (purchase) and maintenance of supplies and equipment. See Military school .
Military training for civilians.
Many countries have trained reserves for one branch or more of the military. Membership in the reserves may be voluntary, or service may be required by law for citizens of a certain age or for former members of the active military. Reservists generally participate in training once a year.
In the United States, many colleges and universities have Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) units of the Army, Navy, and Air Force, which offer instruction for prospective officers. Students who successfully complete such training may be eligible for commissions in the regular Army, Navy, or Air Force. The Army also conducts a junior branch of its ROTC in some high schools and preparatory schools. Two volunteer organizations, the National Guard and Air National Guard, offer training to civilians. Individual states and territories conduct these groups.
Required military training.
From the days of the ancient Romans, many European countries have tried some form of enforced military service. France introduced a law setting up a draft in 1792. Germany made the greatest progress in developing a military machine under nationwide conscription. It began its program after the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871).
The United States government first tried enforced military training during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Canada established its army in 1871 and also began its first military training program. Men entering the Canadian Army underwent 16 days of training.
