Ritalin, << RIHT uh lihn, >> is the trade name for the drug methylphenidate << `mehth` uhl FEHN uh dayt >> . It is the drug most often prescribed to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is a disorder in which people have unusual difficulty paying attention, sitting still, or controlling their impulses. Because the disorder is common, millions of people worldwide take Ritalin. For most ADHD patients, the drug improves concentration and reduces restlessness.
Some medical experts worry that doctors may sometimes prescribe Ritalin for people who do not really need it. Although most doctors consider the drug safe, they caution that the benefits and risks of taking it for long periods are not yet fully known.
Ritalin improves attention by stimulating the brain. It provides stimulation by lengthening the time during which two brain chemicals called dopamine << DOH puh meen >> and norepinephrine << `nawr` ehp uh NEHF rihn >> remain active. These chemicals are neurotransmitters that carry messages among nerve cells. Prolonging activity of these chemicals helps nerve cells in some parts of the brain function more efficiently.
Ritalin and similar drugs can also sharpen concentration less dramatically for people without ADHD. As a result, such drugs—called stimulants—can be misused. The United States and many other countries strictly regulate production and prescription of stimulants.
By itself, Ritalin cannot usually overcome all the symptoms of ADHD. Most patients also require treatment involving behavioral or psychological techniques. The most common side effects of Ritalin are decreased appetite and difficulty falling asleep.
See also Attention deficit disorder.
