Meditation is the act of thinking deeply and at length. Most meditation consists of exercises intended to create a state of peace and relaxation, heightened awareness, or spiritual purification. Much meditation is part of religious practice, and most major religions have systems of meditation.
In some religions, the individual meditates through the repetition of a specific sound, word, or text. For example, Hindus and Buddhists meditate by repeating a sound or verse called a mantra. Mantra texts may be enclosed in a metal cylinder called a prayer wheel. Each turn of the wheel symbolically releases a mantra.
Some meditation involves focusing on a certain visual image. In Tantric Buddhism, the individual concentrates on a sacred diagram of the universe called a mandala.
Objects or physical actions may enhance meditation. Roman Catholics may meditate while reciting and counting prayers on a string of beads called a rosary. A Hindu system of meditation called yoga involves special sitting positions, breath control, and other physical disciplines.
Meditation resembles a spiritual activity called contemplation. However, contemplation seeks a mystical experience rather than relaxation or awareness.
See also Monasticism ; Prayer ; Transcendental meditation ; Yoga ; Zen .
