Instant messaging (IM) is a technology that enables computer users to quickly exchange brief typed messages. The messages are sent over the internet or another computer network. Instant messaging differs from email in that IM communication occurs in real time—that is, while multiple users are online and can conduct a back-and-forth conversation. Users may exchange messages one-on-one or in groups.
Instant messaging is similar to text messaging—that is, the sending and receiving of short text messages via cell phones or similar handheld devices. Many messaging programs combine real-time functions with functions that are not real-time, and work on cell phones, blurring the distinctions between IM, email, and text messaging. In the early 2020’s, more features became widely available in text messaging. As a result, for many users today, text messaging, also called texting, is practically indistinguishable from instant messaging.
Early versions of instant messaging enabled each user to see what the other was typing, one character at a time. But IM users today see each message only when the sender completes it. The computer screen displays a running record of a series of messages, forming a “script” of the conversation.
IM can take place among users anywhere in the world, as long as they are using the same IM service or compatible services. Some IM services require users to install a program on their computers or mobile devices. Other IM services simply work through web-based email or through social networking websites. These services enable instant communication between email contacts, friends on social networks, or business associates. IM services used today include Discord, Google Chat, Messenger, Messenger Kids, Microsoft Teams, Skype, Slack, Snapchat, WeChat, and WhatsApp.
Most IM services allow users to send files to one another, and many also enable users to make voice or video calls. Some services also provide text-based messaging with enhanced features. For example, they allow users to “react” to messages they receive by selecting an emoji or miniature animation to display alongside the contents of the message.
See also Chat room; Cyberbullying; Email; Social media; Text messaging.
