Play typically occurs when an animal willingly engages in a natural behavior, such as hunting or fighting, outside of its usual circumstances. For example, a dog that is play fighting may growl or wrestle its partner to the ground. The dog may even bite—without meaning to harm its partner. Several characteristics can distinguish a behavior as play. First, play behavior is often exaggerated. Second, play appears more often in young animals. The young spend more time playing, but adult animals also play. Finally, play is often directed toward such objects as balls, rubber mice, and other toys. People play, often in ways that resemble play among the other animals. The remainder of this article deals with animal play. For information on play among people, see Play [recreation].
Play is widespread among animals. Play has been seen among a variety of mammals, including apes, cats, dogs, dolphins, horses, monkeys, otters, and rats. Many birds play, such as crows and parrots. Play may even occur in some amphibians, cephalopods (a group of animals that includes octopuses), fish, insects, and reptiles.
Animals often communicate an interest in play through certain sounds, gestures, or other signals. For instance, a dog typically indicates a desire to play by bowing on its front legs, often while wagging its tail.
Animals play for many reasons. Playing may help young animals develop their brains and physical fitness. Animals may play to practice social or hunting skills. Play provides a safe environment in which animals can learn to deal with unexpected challenges. Finally, animals may play because they are bored and have excess energy. Such play may serve no purpose other than fun.
