De Soto << dih SOH toh >>, Hernando (1500?-1542), was a Spanish explorer who helped defeat the Inca empire. He also led the first European expedition to reach the Mississippi River. From 1539 to 1542, de Soto led a large Spanish expedition through what is now the southern United States. His army landed in Florida and crossed about 10 present-day states.
De Soto became known as a courageous explorer who helped conquer the New World for Spain. However, the era of exploration was marked by greed, intolerance, and cruelty. In their search for wealth, de Soto and his men tortured and killed many Indians.
Early expeditions.
De Soto was born in the province of Extremadura in Spain. As a teenager, he sailed to the New World. There, he began his career as an explorer in the tropical rain forests of Panama. De Soto served in expeditions to enslave Indians and search for wealth.
By the early 1530’s, de Soto was known as an excellent soldier and horseman. He joined an expedition led by Francisco Pizarro, another Spanish explorer, against the empire of the Inca Indians in what is now Peru. After a short delay, the men began their journey in 1532. They took a small army of about 180 men with them. They reached the city of Cajamarca, where a huge Inca army commanded by Emperor Atahualpa was camped.
Pizarro sent de Soto with 15 cavalrymen to invite Atahualpa to meet with Pizarro. The Spaniards ambushed the Inca and captured their emperor. Although the Inca paid an enormous ransom for their emperor, the Spaniards executed him. De Soto helped Pizarro capture the Inca capital of Cusco in 1533.
In 1536, de Soto returned to Spain a rich man from treasures collected during the Inca conquest. He could have led a noble lifestyle, but he sought his own command in the New World. King Charles I of Spain appointed him governor of Cuba. Charles I authorized de Soto to conquer and colonize the region that is now the southeastern United States.
Journey to the Mississippi.
De Soto arrived near present-day Tampa Bay in 1539. He brought more than 600 men with horses to help him colonize the land and search for gold. De Soto planned to capture Indian chiefs, take hundreds of Indians as ransom, and march through their territories.
The army camped for the winter in what is now northern Florida, possibly in Tallahassee. It headed north during the spring and summer of 1540. The army traveled through the present-day states of Georgia and the Carolinas, crossed the Great Smoky Mountains, and headed south through the Georgia and Alabama area. In October 1540, followers of the Choctaw leader Tuscaloosa ambushed de Soto’s army at the town of Mabila, south of present-day Montgomery, Alabama. Despite emerging victorious, de Soto’s army retreated northward. The men then traveled through the Mississippi area. They crossed the Mississippi River and explored the Arkansas region and other present-day states west of the river.
On May 21, 1542, de Soto died from a fever by the banks of the Mississippi River. The remains of his army, led by Luis de Moscoso, reached New Spain (now Mexico) the next year.
