Fronde, << frawnd >>, was a series of revolts against the French monarchy. Anne of Austria ruled France from 1643 until her son Louis XIV became king in 1651. The Fronde began in 1648, when Anne and her chief adviser, Cardinal Jules Mazarin, began taxing the French nobility. The rebels protested the tax policies and Mazarin’s growing authority. The conclusion of the Fronde in 1653 resulted in a more powerful monarchy.
