Domestic violence refers to physical, sexual, emotional, or psychological abuse between marital partners, former partners, and other adults who are, or have been, in close relationships. Most experts distinguish domestic violence from the mistreatment of the elderly or of children (see Child abuse). Both men and women may act violently toward each other. But women are more likely than men to be injured or murdered by their partners.
Domestic violence leaves long-lasting effects on its victims and their families. Victims may abuse alcohol or drugs and experience depression, eating disorders, or other types of psychological distress. They are also more likely than nonvictims to consider or attempt suicide. Children who witness domestic violence often experience emotional and psychological distress. They are more likely than other children to become violent.
For many years, most social scientists, law professionals, and other experts considered domestic violence a “private matter.” Today most experts recognize it as a dangerous social problem. A variety of services help prevent and treat domestic violence, including shelters for battered women. Shelters provide a wide range of programs, including legal assistance and counseling for victims and their children.
Since the 1980’s, all 50 states of the United States have enacted laws that specify domestic violence and violence against women as crimes. Laws have made it easier for women to obtain restraining orders, court orders designed to prohibit offenders from contacting their victims (see Restraining order). Many states also require police officers to arrest offenders in cases of domestic violence.
The U.S. federal government passed the Violence Against Women Act in 1994. The act was designed to provide support for victims and survivors of domestic and dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking, and to improve criminal justice responses to such crimes. It was reauthorized in 2000, 2005, 2013, and 2022.
There is no single reason for domestic violence. Many offenders have a history of alcohol or drug misuse. Some experience stress caused by unemployment, sexual difficulties, and low job satisfaction. The most abusive offenders tend to have severe emotional problems. Numerous offenders were abused as children.
Many programs are available to treat people who commit domestic violence. Judges often require men who assault their wives to attend these programs as a condition of their sentence.
