Totalitarianism, << toh `tal` uh TAIR ee uh `nihz` uhm, >> is a form of government in which the state has absolute control over almost every aspect of people’s lives. The individual is considered a servant of the state and is allowed almost no freedom of choice or expression.
A totalitarian government is ruled by one political party headed by, in most cases, a dictator. The party sets certain economic and social goals for the state, and it outlaws any activity that could interfere with the achievement of these goals. Most totalitarian governments prohibit such groups as labor unions and trade associations. Religious practices are forbidden unless they promote the policies of the state.
Under a totalitarian system, the government uses terror tactics to suppress individuals or groups who oppose the state. These tactics are carried out by a secret police force and the armed services. The government also uses censorship to silence anyone who criticizes its policies. The media spread government propaganda, and the schools teach absolute loyalty to the state.
A totalitarian government controls the nation’s economy through ownership or management of farmland and industry. Thus, it determines the type and quantity of crops and goods that are produced.
Various totalitarian governments have developed throughout history. In the 1920’s and 1930’s, however, technological advances in communication and detection systems aided the rise of extreme types of totalitarianism. Totalitarian governments of that period included those of Fascist Italy under Benito Mussolini, Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler, and the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin. Today, many governments have some totalitarian policies. These governments are especially common in developing nations that are working to build their economies.
See also Communism ; Fascism ; Government (Totalitarianism) .
