Cortisol, << KAWR tuh sohl, >> is the main hormone that helps the body adapt to stress. For this reason, it is sometimes called the “stress hormone.“ Stress is the body’s emergency response to real or imagined danger. Any event, thought, or situation that causes stress is called a stressor.
Cortisol is the most intensively studied of a group of hormones called glucocorticoids. These compounds are steroid hormones—that is, chemical compounds produced from cholesterol. Glucocorticoids are produced in the cortex (outer part) of the adrenal glands. These small, pyramid-shaped glands sit on top of each kidney.
The body releases cortisol in response to short-term stressors, such as a sudden fright. Long-term stressors, such as serious injury or the death of a loved one, also cause the release of the hormone. Cortisol helps break down carbohydrates (sugars and starches) from food. This supplies the body with immediate energy for the nervous system and muscles. These body systems are most important in responding to danger. Cortisol also helps shut down other body systems that are not immediately needed during episodes of stress. These include the immune system and the digestive system. The energy that these systems use is then redirected to the nervous system and muscles.
The body’s use of cortisol in response to stress is essential for survival. However, many doctors recognize that harmful effects may result if the release of cortisol cannot be shut off, due to prolonged or repeated stress. People with chronic stress are more likely to get colds and other diseases as cortisol suppresses the immune system. Long-term elevation of blood sugar caused by cortisol can influence development of diabetes. Medical experts have linked long-term elevated cortisol levels to the development of heart disease, osteoporosis, depression, and certain types of cancer. Many experts believe that reducing stress and prolonged exposure to cortisol is important for maintaining good health.
See also Adrenal gland ; Stress .
