Conspiracy theory is an attempt to explain various world events in terms of secret influence or control by certain groups. Many conspiracy theories, for example, deal with the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in 1963. These theories claim that government officials and other groups played hidden roles in Kennedy’s death. The groups accused in conspiracy theories may be government insiders or powerful and secretive organizations. According to conspiracy theorists, these groups can readily influence lawmakers, heads of state, and the media. Believers claim that such actions have shaped world history, largely without public knowledge.
Many conspiracy theories claim that a select few people create world problems for their private gain. Such problems may include disease outbreaks, economic crises, famine, war, and political unrest. Conspiracy theories often accuse fraternal organizations, such as the Masons , of operating global plots. International banks and policy organizations also figure in many conspiracy theories. Popular examples include the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the United Nations . Religious groups are also popular targets of conspiracy theories.
Conspiracy theories about the Kennedy assassination are perhaps the most widespread. Other conspiracy theories suggest that the United States government faked the landing of astronauts on the moon in 1969. Many theories surround Area 51 , a United States military installation in Nevada. Some of them claim that Area 51 houses the wreckage—and possibly the crew—of a crashed alien spacecraft. One theory suggests that HIV, the virus that causes AIDS , was created by military and government agencies. Another theory claims that the U.S. government orchestrated the terrorist attacks on Sept. 11, 2001 .
Skeptics argue that most conspiracy theories lack reliable evidence for their claims. They point out that many such theories are not logical. They also note that most conspiracy theories would involve many people. This fact would make it extremely difficult to keep such operations secret. Most conspiracy theories remain unproven.
Psychologists have offered explanations for the continued popularity of conspiracy theories. They think that in a complex world, people who feel powerless or threatened may be inspired to believe that secret forces are manipulating world events. Such beliefs can be reinforced by sensational examples of government corruption and scandals in business and religious institutions. Psychologists find that people who are disadvantaged may be more likely to believe in conspiracy theories. Such theories are also a popular theme in suspense novels, films, and television shows.
