Guillain-Barré << gee AHN bahr AY >> syndrome is a disorder in which the body’s immune system attacks the peripheral nerves. Peripheral nerves connect the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. Guillain-Barré syndrome is characterized by numbness and weakness that begins in the extremities and spreads to the rest of the body. It can lead to complete paralysis , requiring hospitalization. Guillain-Barré syndrome is a serious medical condition. However, most patients recover with proper treatment.
Doctors are not sure of the exact cause of Guillain-Barré syndrome. The disorder may occur when an immune response triggered by an infection leads to attacks on the nerves. Most cases occur within six weeks following a respiratory or gastrointestinal infection. The disorder has also been observed following infection with the Zika virus . Guillain-Barré syndrome is rare. The risk of developing Guillain-Barré syndrome increases with age.
Symptoms generally begin with a tingling, numbness, or weakness in the extremities. These symptoms may start in the feet and legs, leading to difficulty walking or climbing stairs. As symptoms spread to the rest of the body, the person may have trouble with facial movements, such as speaking, chewing, or swallowing; double vision or inability to move the eyes; severe pain ; difficulty with bowel and bladder function; abnormal heart rate or blood pressure; and difficulty breathing. Symptoms may worsen rapidly, leading to complete paralysis. In severe cases, the patient may require a ventilator to assist in breathing. Symptoms may peak in two to four weeks, after which the body begins to recover. The syndrome may be fatal in rare cases.
Doctor’s generally diagnose Guillain-Barré syndrome by ruling out other causes for symptoms. A spinal tap or tests of nerve activity may help to confirm the diagnosis.
There is no known cure for Guillain-Barré syndrome. However, treatment can reduce the length and severity of the disorder. Doctors may remove plasma from the blood in an effort to remove harmful antibodies. Antibodies are molecules normally used by the immune system to attack pathogens (disease-causing organisms). Doctors may also administer immunoglobulin, a substance which contains healthy antibodies that can block the activity of harmful ones. Patients may require physical therapy to regain motor function (movement). Most patients recover the ability to walk within six months, and complete motor function within a year. Some patients may experience lingering pain or weakness.
